List of Italians Wikipedia.This is a list of Italians, who are identified with the Italiannation through residential, legal, historical, or cultural means, grouped by their area of notability.Roberto Benigni born 1.Italy for directing and acting in the 1.Life is Beautiful.Nino Castelnuovo born 1.He is most famous for playing opposite Catherine Deneuve in the 1.Les Parapluies de Cherbourg The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and in Italy, for his lead performance in the popular 1.RAI TV mini series I Promessi Sposi.Tino Caspanello, actor, playwright, director, and set designer.Gino Cervi 1. 90. Free Wolf Clips Download Games Not Online more. Un libro del latn liber, libri es una obra impresa, manuscrita o pintada en una serie de hojas de papel, pergamino, vitela u otro material, unidas por un lado es.I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul.Why we shouldnt just try to maintain selfconfidence, the importance of daydreaming and how fitness makes you a better musician.Italy for his film portrayal of a small town Communist mayor in the Don Camillo films.Eduardo De Filippo 1.In his scores of plays he combined pathos and farce.Manuel De Peppe born 1.Vittorio Gassman 1.Foundations Of Clinical Psychiatry Download Mp3' title='Foundations Of Clinical Psychiatry Download Mp3' />Elio Germano born 1.Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival in 2.Giancarlo Giannini born 1.Lina Wertmller films, controversial tragicomedies that deal with sex and politics.Terence Hill born 1.Italian western movies also called spaghetti westerns together with his friend and partner Bud Spencer.Nino Manfredi 1. Marcello Mastroianni 1.Italian cinema during the 1.He acted in more than 1.Amedeo Nazzari 1.He had a long and distinguished movie career, spanning four decades and including over 1.Alberto Sordi 1. Depicted the vices, virtues, and foibles of post World War II Italy in a long career of mostly comic films and was regarded as a national icon.Ugo Tognazzi 1. 92.Tot 1. 89. 81. Likened by international film critics to the American film comic Buster Keaton1Massimo Troisi 1.Internationally, known for co starring in Il Postino 1.Rudolph Valentino 1.Great Lover of the 1.Carlo Verdone born 1.Gian Maria Volont 1.Known outside of Italy for his roles in A Fistful of Dollars 1.For a Few Dollars More 1.ActresseseditClara Calamai 1.She is most remembered as the actress playing Carlos mother, female lead in Luchino Viscontis Ossessione 1.Claudia Cardinale born 1.Her films include 8 1.Once Upon a Time in the West 1.Eleonora Duse 1. Henrik Ibsens plays2Virna Lisi born 1.Italian actresses.She has won Cannes and Csar awards.Gina Lollobrigida born 1.One of the first European sex symbols to emerge from the rubble of World War IISophia Loren born 1.One of Italys great 2.Anna Magnani 1. 90.In the United States, she was nominated twice for an Academy Award for best actress, winning the Oscar in 1.The Rose Tattoo. Silvana Mangano 1.Bitter Rice. Mariangela Melato 1.Lina Wertmller movies.Sandra Milo born 1.Some of her more prestigious credits include Rossellinis General della Rovere 1.Fellinis 8 1. 96.Juliet of the Spirits 1.Alida Valli 1. 92.Internationally known for her turn as Anna Schmidt in The Third Man 1.Monica Vitti born 1.Awards three Nastro dArgento Awards, nine David di Donatello Awards, and four Italian Golden Grails.Monica Bellucci born 3.September 1. 96. 4, actress and fashion model.Asia Argento born 2.September 1. 97. 5 actress, singer, model, and director.Ornella Muti born 9 March 1.English speaking film debut as Princess Aura in Flash Gordon in 1.American movies she appeared in include Oscar 1.Once Upon a Crime 1.Valeria Golino born 2.October 1. 96. 6 film and television actress.Known to English language audiences for the 1.Rain Man, and the Hot ShotsShe has won the David di Donatello, Silver Ribbon, and Coppa Volpi awards.Chiara Caselli born 2.December 1. 96. 7, actress.ArchitectseditAncient RomeeditMiddle AgeseditGuglielmo Agnelli c.He built the campanile of the Badia a Settimo, near Florence.Pietro Baseggio 1.In 1. 36. 1, he was named superintendent of construction for the Doges palace.Bartolomeo Bon died after 1.Among his works may be cited the famous Gothic.Ca dOro 1. 42. Frari.Bertolino Bragerio active c.Cremona. Jacopo Celega d.March 1. 38. 6, architect.Around 1. 33. 0 he took over construction of the church of Frari.Diotisalvi 1. 2th century, architect.He is well known to be the original architect of Baptistry of Pisa 1.Maginardo fl. 1. Diocese of Arezzo.Lorenzo Maitani c.Orvieto Cathedral3Humanism and the RenaissanceeditLeon Battista Alberti 1.In 1. 45. 2, wrote De Re Aedificatoria was the first architectural treatise of the Renaissance.Galeazzo Alessi 1.His main works are the church Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano 1.Marino Palace started in 1.Parodi Palace 1. Antonio da Sangallo the Elder c.He executed, under the influence of Bramante, the magnificent Church of the Madonna di San Biagio 1.Antonio da Sangallo the Younger 1.He designed the Palazzo Farnese in Rome 1.Florentine style palace.Donato Bramante 1.Under the patronage of Pope Julius II, he drew up the new St.Peters Basilica begun 1.Filippo Brunelleschi 1.His major work is the dome of the Florence Cathedral 1.Bernardo Buontalenti c.He was one of the great Renaissancepolymaths4Giacomo della Porta c.Mannerism to early Baroque.Giovanni Maria Falconetto 1.Examples of his work include the Porta San Giovanni 1.Porta Savonarola 1.Padua. Filarete c.He wrote an important treatise, Libro architettonico 1.Domenico Fontana 1.St. Peters Basilica and other famous buildings of Rome and Naples.Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola 1.His finest productions are the Villa Farnese, near Viterbo, for Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Villa Giulia for Pope Julius III in Rome.Francesco di Giorgio 1.His Trattato di architettura, ingegneria e arte militare 1.Renaissance architectural.Giuliano da Maiano c.Renaissance style to Southern Italy.Giuliano da Sangallo c.Church of Santa Maria delle Carceri 1.Prato and palaces in Florence.Luciano Laurana c.Palazzo Ducale at Urbino and one of the main figures in 1.Italian architecture5Pirro Ligorio c.Casina of Pio IV in the Vatican and his gardens for the Villa dEste at Tivoli.Michelozzo 1. 39.Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, which set the standard for Renaissance palace architecture in Tuscany for the next century6Andrea Palladio 1.His treatise I quattro libri dellarchitettura 1.Western architecture.Baldassare Peruzzi 1.His outstanding architectural works are the Villa Farnesina 1.Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne 1.Rome. Michele Sanmicheli 1.Jacopo Sansovino 1.His Library of St.Marks begun 1. 53.Vincenzo Scamozzi 1.Renaissance treatises, the six volume LIdea dellArchitettura Universale 1.Sebastiano Serlio 1.He is remembered primarily for his treatise Tutte lopere darchitettura et prospetiva eight books, 1.BaroqueeditFrancesco Borromini 1.His buildings include the churches of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane 1.SantIvo alla Sapienza 1.Cosimo Fanzago 1.He became the most important exponent of Baroque architecture in Naples.Carlo Fontana 1. His accomplished academic style influenced important architects, such as James Gibbs, Fischer von Erlach and the German baroque architects.Rosario Gagliardi 1.He was one of the leading architects working in the Sicilian Baroque.Guarino Guarini 1.He was one of the first to analyze with perceptivity the structure of medieval architecture, in his treatise Architettura Civile published posthumously in 1.Filippo Juvarra 1.He was arguably the most gifted architect of his time in Italy.Baldassarre Longhena 1.His masterpiece was the Church of Santa Maria della Salute 1.Grand Canal in Venice.Carlo Maderno 1. His works reflect the transition from early to high baroque.From 1. 60. 3, directed the construction of St.Peters Basilica. Pietro da Cortona 1.His architectural accomplishment include the Church of Santi Luca e Martina in Rome 1.Carlo Rainaldi 1.His masterpiece was the Church of Santa Maria in Campitelli 1.Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli 1.Russia under the reigns of Anna 1.Elizabeth Petrovna 1.Nicola Salvi 1. 69.Roman Baroque masterpiece is the Trevi Fountain in Rome.Giovanni Battista Vaccarini 1.Sicilian Baroque style.Luigi Vanvitelli 1.His masterpiece was the Palace of Caserta 1.NeoclassicismeditNicola Bettoli 1.Neoclassicist Teatro Regio of that city, for Duches Marie Louise 1.Luigi Cagnola 1. Italian architects.Luigi Canina 1. 79.He was important as a protagonist of archaeologically correct Neoclassicism in Rome.Antonio Corazzi 1.He designed a number of imposing public buildings in Warsaw, the capital of Poland.Alessandro Galilei 1.He designed the faades of Basilica of St.John Lateran 1. 73.San Giovanni dei Fiorentini 1.Giacomo Leoni 1. Meditation Wikipedia.For bodily positions applied during yoga, see Asana.Meditation is a practice where an individual operates or trains the mind or induces a mode of consciousness, either to realize some benefit or for the mind to simply acknowledge its content without becoming identified with that content,1 or as an end in itself.The term meditation refers to a broad variety of practices that includes techniques designed to promote relaxation, build internal energy or life force qi, ki, prana, etc.A particularly ambitious form of meditation aims at effortlessly sustained single pointed concentration4 meant to enable its practitioner to enjoy an indestructible sense of well being while engaging in any life activity.The word meditation carries different meanings in different contexts.Meditation has been practiced since antiquity as a component of numerous religious traditions and beliefs.Meditation often involves an internal effort to self regulate the mind in some way.Meditation is often used to clear the mind and ease many health concerns, such as high blood pressure,6depression, and anxiety.It may be done sitting, or in an active wayfor instance, Buddhist monks involve awareness in their day to day activities as a form of mind training.Prayer beads or other ritual objects are commonly used during meditation in order to keep track of or remind the practitioner about some aspect of that training.Meditation may involve generating an emotional state for the purpose of analyzing that statesuch as anger, hatred, etc.The term meditation can refer to the state itself, as well as to practices or techniques employed to cultivate the state.Meditation may also involve repeating a mantra and closing the eyes.The mantra is chosen based on its suitability to the individual meditator.Meditation has a calming effect and directs awareness inward until pure awareness is achieved, described as being awake inside without being aware of anything except awareness itself.In brief, there are dozens of specific styles of meditation practice, and many different types of activity commonly referred to as meditative practices.EtymologyeditThe English meditation is derived from the Latinmeditatio, from a verb meditari, meaning to think, contemplate, devise, ponder.In the Old Testament, hg Hebrew means to sigh or murmur, and also, to meditate.When the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek, hg became the Greek melete.The Latin Bible then translated hgmelete into meditatio.The use of the term meditatio as part of a formal, stepwise process of meditation goes back to the 1.Guigo II. 1. 7Apart from its historical usage, the term meditation was introduced as a translation for Eastern spiritual practices, referred to as dhynain Buddhism and in Hinduism, which comes from the Sanskrit root dhyai, meaning to contemplate or meditate.The term meditation in English may also refer to practices from Islamic Sufism,1.Jewish Kabbalah and Christian Hesychasm.An edited book about meditation published in 2.Hindu, Buddhist, Taoist, Jewish, Christian, and Islamic traditions.Scholars have noted that the term meditation as it has entered contemporary usage is parallel to the term contemplation in Christianity,2.Christian, Judaic, and Islamic forms of meditation are typically devotional, scriptural or thematic, while Asian forms of meditation are often more purely technical.HistoryeditThe history of meditation is intimately bound up with the religious context within which it was practiced.Some authors have even suggested the hypothesis that the emergence of the capacity for focused attention, an element of many methods of meditation,2.Some of the earliest references to meditation are found in the Hindu.Vedas of India. 2.Wilson translates the most famous Vedic mantra Gayatri as We meditate on that desirable light of the divine Savitri, who influences our pious rites Rigveda Mandala 3, Sukta 6.Rcha 1. 0. Around the 6th to 5th centuries BCE, other forms of meditation developed via Confucianism and Taoism in China as well as Hinduism, Jainism, and early Buddhism in Nepal and India.In the west, by 2.BCE Philo of Alexandria had written on some form of spiritual exercises involving attention prosoche and concentration2.Plotinus had developed meditative techniques.The Pli Canon, which dates to 1st century BCE considers Indian Buddhist meditation as a step towards liberation.By the time Buddhism was spreading in China, the Vimalakirti Sutra which dates to 1.CE included a number of passages on meditation, clearly pointing to Zen known as Chan in China, Thin in Vietnam, and Seon in Korea.The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism introduced meditation to other Asian countries, and in 6.Singapore. 3. 1 Returning from China around 1.Dgen wrote the instructions for zazen.The Islamic practice of Dhikr had involved the repetition of the 9.Names of God since the 8th or 9th century.By the 1. 2th century, the practice of Sufism included specific meditative techniques, and its followers practiced breathing controls and the repetition of holy words.Interactions with Indians, Nepalese or the Sufis may have influenced the Eastern Christian meditation approach to hesychasm, but this can not be proved.Between the 1. 0th and 1.Mount Athos in Greece, and involves the repetition of the Jesus prayer.Western Christian meditation contrasts with most other approaches in that it does not involve the repetition of any phrase or action and requires no specific posture.Western Christian meditation progressed from the 6th century practice of Bible reading among Benedictine monks called Lectio Divina, i.Its four formal steps as a ladder were defined by the monk Guigo II in the 1.Latin terms lectio, meditatio, oratio, and contemplatio i.Western Christian meditation was further developed by saints such as Ignatius of Loyola and Teresa of Avila in the 1.Secular forms of meditation were introduced in India in the 1.Westernized form of Hindu meditative techniques and arrived in Australia in the late 1.United States and Europe in the 1.Rather than focusing on spiritual growth, secular meditation emphasizes stress reduction, relaxation and self improvement.Both spiritual and secular forms of meditation have been subjects of scientific analyses.Research on meditation began in 1.Since the beginning of the 7.English language have been reported.However, after 6.Modern definitionseditDefinitions and scopeeditDefinitions or Characterizations of Meditation Examples from Prominent ReviewsDefinition Characterization.ReviewMeditation refers to a family of self regulation practices that focus on training attention and awareness in order to bring mental processes under greater voluntary control and thereby foster general mental well being and development andor specific capacities such as calm, clarity, and concentration4.Walsh Shapiro 2. Meditation is used to describe practices that self regulate the body and mind, thereby affecting mental events by engaging a specific attentional set.Cahn Polich 2. We define meditation.Jevning et al. 1.Goleman 1. 98. 8nfluential reviews cited 5.Psyc. INFO5. 0,encompassing multiple methods of meditation.As early as 1. 97.Claudio Naranjo noted that The word meditation has been used to designate a variety of practices that differ enough from one another so that we may find trouble in defining what meditation is.There remains no definition of necessary and sufficient criteria for meditation that has achieved universal or widespread acceptance within the modern scientific community, as one study recently noted a persistent lack of consensus in the literature and a seeming intractability of defining meditation.In popular usage, the word meditation and the phrase meditative practice are often used imprecisely to designate broadly similar practices, or sets of practices, that are found across many cultures and traditions.Some of the difficulty in precisely defining meditation has been the need to recognize the particularities of the many various traditions.
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